Subcutaneous Cysts: Causes and Symptoms - Surgery

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Subcutaneous cysts are common benign growths that can occur in various parts of the body, including the legs. The description you provided—a small, round lump under the skin of your left calf that is slightly painful when pressed and can be moved slightly—suggests that it could be a type of cyst, such as an epidermoid cyst or a lipoma.


Causes of Subcutaneous Cysts
1. Epidermoid Cysts: These are the most common type of cysts found on the skin. They form when skin cells multiply and become trapped beneath the skin's surface. This can occur due to skin trauma, such as a cut or a scratch, or it may develop without any apparent cause. Epidermoid cysts typically contain a thick, yellowish substance called keratin.

2. Lipomas: These are soft, fatty lumps that grow under the skin. They are usually painless and can be moved easily when pressed. Lipomas are benign tumors made up of fat cells and are generally harmless.

3. Pilar Cysts: Similar to epidermoid cysts, these are often found on the scalp but can occur elsewhere. They arise from hair follicles and are filled with keratin.

4. Sebaceous Cysts: These occur when sebaceous glands become blocked. They can be filled with sebum, the oily substance produced by these glands.


Symptoms
- Size: Cysts can vary in size, but they are often small, typically ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

- Mobility: Many cysts can be moved slightly under the skin, which is a characteristic feature.

- Pain or Tenderness: While many cysts are painless, some may cause discomfort, especially if they become inflamed or infected.

- Skin Changes: The skin overlying a cyst may appear normal, or it may be red or swollen if the cyst is inflamed.


Diagnosis and Treatment
To accurately diagnose the lump, a healthcare provider may perform a physical examination and, if necessary, imaging studies such as an ultrasound. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to rule out other conditions.

Treatment options depend on the type of cyst and whether it is causing symptoms:
- Observation: If the cyst is small and not causing any issues, it may simply be monitored over time.

- Drainage: If the cyst becomes painful or infected, it may need to be drained.

- Surgical Removal: For larger cysts or those that recur, surgical excision may be recommended to remove the entire cyst and prevent it from coming back.


When to Seek Medical Attention
You should consider consulting a healthcare professional if:
- The lump changes in size or appearance.

- It becomes increasingly painful or tender.

- You notice any signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or discharge.

In summary, the lump you described on your left calf could likely be a benign subcutaneous cyst, such as an epidermoid cyst or a lipoma. While these are generally harmless, it is advisable to have it evaluated by a healthcare provider to confirm the diagnosis and discuss any necessary treatment options.