Mitral Valve Prolapse: Congenital vs. Acquired Causes - Cardiology

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Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) is a condition where the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle of the heart, does not close properly. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including palpitations, chest pain, and in some cases, mitral regurgitation, where blood leaks backward into the atrium. Understanding whether MVP is congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developing later in life) is essential for managing the condition effectively.


Congenital Causes of Mitral Valve Prolapse
Congenital MVP is often associated with genetic conditions that affect the connective tissues in the body. One of the most common genetic disorders linked to MVP is Marfan syndrome, which affects the body's connective tissues and can lead to various cardiovascular issues. Other connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, can also predispose individuals to MVP. In these cases, the valve's structure is abnormal from birth, leading to the prolapse.

Congenital MVP may not present symptoms until later in life, and many individuals may remain asymptomatic for years. It is often discovered incidentally during routine echocardiograms or examinations for other heart conditions.


Acquired Causes of Mitral Valve Prolapse
Acquired MVP can develop due to various factors, including degenerative changes in the valve structure, rheumatic fever, or ischemic heart disease. Degenerative MVP is often seen in older adults and is characterized by the thickening and elongation of the valve leaflets and chordae tendineae, which can lead to improper closure of the valve.

Rheumatic fever, a complication of untreated streptococcal throat infections, can cause damage to the heart valves, including the mitral valve. This damage can lead to MVP as well as other valvular heart diseases. Ischemic heart disease, which occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced, can also contribute to the development of MVP.


Symptoms and Management
While many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic, some may experience symptoms such as:
- Palpitations or irregular heartbeats
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Fatigue
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
Management of MVP typically involves regular monitoring, especially if there are symptoms or if mitral regurgitation is present. In cases where symptoms are significant or if there is severe regurgitation, surgical intervention may be necessary, such as mitral valve repair or replacement.


Conclusion
In summary, Mitral Valve Prolapse can be either congenital or acquired. Congenital MVP is often linked to genetic connective tissue disorders, while acquired MVP may result from degenerative changes, rheumatic fever, or ischemic heart disease. If you have been diagnosed with MVP, it is essential to have regular follow-ups with your healthcare provider to monitor your condition and manage any symptoms effectively. If you experience any new or worsening symptoms, do not hesitate to reach out to your doctor for further evaluation.