Does High Myopia Increase the Risk of Retinal Degeneration and Tears? - Ophthalmology

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High myopia, defined as a refractive error greater than -6.00 diopters, is associated with various ocular complications, particularly concerning the retina. One of the significant risks linked to high myopia is the increased likelihood of retinal degeneration and tears. This relationship is primarily due to the structural changes that occur in the eye as a result of excessive elongation of the eyeball.

When an individual has high myopia, the eye tends to elongate, which can lead to thinning and degenerative changes in the peripheral retina. This condition is often referred to as myopic degeneration or myopic retinopathy. The thinning of the retina makes it more susceptible to tears and holes, particularly in the areas where the retina is already weakened. These retinal tears can lead to more severe complications, such as retinal detachment, which is a medical emergency that can result in permanent vision loss if not treated promptly.

Research indicates that individuals with high myopia are at a higher risk for developing peripheral retinal degenerations, such as lattice degeneration, which is characterized by areas of thinning in the retina. These degenerative changes can predispose the retina to tears, especially if there are accompanying factors like vitreous detachment, which is common in myopic eyes. The vitreous gel, which fills the eye, can pull away from the retina as it ages or due to changes in the eye's shape, leading to increased tension on the retina and potentially causing tears.

It is important to note that not all individuals with high myopia will experience retinal tears or detachments, but the risk is significantly elevated compared to those with normal vision. Regular eye examinations are crucial for early detection of any retinal changes. Eye care professionals often recommend that individuals with high myopia undergo comprehensive dilated eye exams at least once a year, or more frequently if there are any concerning symptoms or changes in vision.

In addition to regular check-ups, individuals with high myopia should be aware of the symptoms that may indicate a retinal tear or detachment, such as sudden flashes of light, an increase in floaters, or a shadow or curtain effect over their vision. If any of these symptoms occur, immediate medical attention is necessary.

In summary, high myopia does indeed increase the risk of retinal degeneration and tears due to the structural changes in the eye associated with excessive elongation. Regular monitoring and proactive management are essential to mitigate these risks and preserve vision. If you or someone you know has high myopia, maintaining a close relationship with an eye care provider is vital for ongoing assessment and intervention as needed.