Needle Injury Concerns: Risk of Infection and What to Do Next

Needle stick injury and infection concerns?

Hello, doctor.
I would like to inquire about something.
Today, I went to buy a sewing needle for leather shoes (it's a bit thicker than a regular needle, and the tip is sharpened into a triangular shape).
The male shop owner, who looked to be around 55-60 years old, accidentally pricked his hand while handing it to me.
I'm not sure if he bled or not (I later found out he was just helping out; the actual owner is his mother).
Then, two hours later, when I got home to sew, I also pricked my hand.
I did puncture it, but I couldn't see any blood.
I tried to squeeze it while washing my hands, but at that moment, I felt like I couldn't get any blood out (I might not have squeezed seriously since I was a bit dazed after the prick).
It wasn't a deep puncture.
Given this situation, is there a risk of infection from Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, or syphilis? 😅 I'm not sure if the other person has any bloodborne diseases.
Should I go to a family medicine clinic for a blood test? Additionally, I worked in a dental clinic in 2016 and received the Hepatitis B vaccine, so I should still have antibodies, but I'm not sure if there's still a risk.
From my research, I found that Hepatitis C virus can survive in the air for a longer time, and the risk of infection from a needle stick is relatively high, which makes me a bit worried.
I also read that the HIV virus dies quickly in the air (I'm not entirely sure if that's accurate).
There seems to be less research on syphilis.
Could you please help clarify these concerns? Thank you, doctor.

Cindy, 30~39 year old female. Ask Date: 2023/08/24

Dr. Lin Wufu reply Internal Medicine

Hello, needle stick injuries typically occur shortly after blood is drawn, as the needle may still harbor viable viruses that pose a potential risk of transmission.
If the injury occurs two hours later, the likelihood of viable viruses remaining is quite low, and the risk of transmitting infectious diseases is also minimal.
However, it is important to note that we cannot say there is absolutely no risk.
Therefore, if you are very concerned, you may consider following up with a family medicine or infectious disease specialist.
If there are still antibodies present in the body against Hepatitis B, transmission will not occur.

Reply Date: 2023/08/24

More Info

In your situation, it’s understandable to be concerned about potential infections following a needle injury, especially when there is uncertainty regarding the health status of the person who handled the needle before you. Let’s break down the risks associated with needle injuries and what steps you should take next.

Infection Risks from Needle Injuries
1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): The risk of contracting HIV from a needle stick injury is generally low, especially if the needle was not visibly contaminated with blood. HIV is a fragile virus that does not survive long outside the human body. It is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. If the needle did not have visible blood on it and you did not see any blood from the injury, the risk of HIV transmission is minimal.

2. Hepatitis B and C: Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are more resilient viruses compared to HIV. Hepatitis B can survive outside the body for up to seven days, while Hepatitis C can survive for several hours to several days, depending on the environment. If the person who handled the needle before you has an active infection, there is a risk of transmission if the needle was contaminated with their blood. However, since you mentioned that you did not see any blood, the risk remains low. Given that you have received the Hepatitis B vaccine, you likely have some level of immunity, but it’s advisable to check your antibody levels if you have concerns.

3. Syphilis (梅毒): Syphilis is primarily transmitted through direct contact with syphilitic sores, which are usually found on the genitals, anus, or mouth. The risk of transmission through a needle stick injury is considered low unless the needle was contaminated with blood from an infected person.

What to Do Next
1. Monitor the Injury: Keep an eye on the site of the injury for any signs of infection, such as increased redness, swelling, warmth, or discharge. If you notice any of these symptoms, seek medical attention promptly.

2. Testing: Given your concerns, it would be prudent to consult with a healthcare provider about getting tested for Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV. While the risk is low, it’s always better to err on the side of caution, especially if you are feeling anxious about the situation. Testing can provide peace of mind.

3. Vaccination Status: Since you mentioned having received the Hepatitis B vaccine, it would be beneficial to check your immunity status through a blood test. If you are not immune, a booster dose may be recommended.

4. Follow-Up: If you experience any symptoms related to Hepatitis or HIV in the coming weeks, such as fatigue, jaundice, or flu-like symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.
5. Education on Safety Practices: In the future, ensure that you are using safe practices when handling needles or sharp objects, especially in a work environment. This includes wearing gloves and ensuring that all equipment is properly sterilized.

Conclusion
While the risk of infection from your needle injury appears to be low, it is essential to remain vigilant and proactive about your health. Consulting with a healthcare provider for testing and guidance is a wise step. Remember, your peace of mind is important, and addressing your concerns with a professional can help alleviate anxiety related to potential infections.

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