Blood in Stool: Causes and When to Seek Help - Internal Medicine

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Blood in stool can be a concerning symptom and may arise from various causes, ranging from benign to serious conditions. It is essential to understand the potential reasons behind this symptom and when to seek medical help.


Common Causes of Blood in Stool
1. Hemorrhoids: One of the most common causes of blood in stool, hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus. They can cause bright red blood on the toilet paper or in the stool.

2. Anal Fissures: These are small tears in the lining of the anus, often caused by passing hard stools. They can lead to bleeding and significant pain during bowel movements.

3. Gastrointestinal Bleeding: This can occur anywhere along the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. Conditions such as peptic ulcers, diverticulosis, or inflammatory bowel diseases (like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) can cause bleeding.

4. Polyps or Colorectal Cancer: Polyps are growths on the lining of the colon or rectum, which can bleed. Some polyps can develop into cancer, making it crucial to have them evaluated.

5. Infections: Certain infections, particularly those caused by bacteria (like Salmonella or E. coli), can lead to bloody diarrhea.

6. Vascular Malformations: Conditions like angiodysplasia, where blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract are abnormally formed, can also lead to bleeding.


When to Seek Help
It is crucial to seek medical attention if you notice blood in your stool, especially if:
- The blood is dark or tarry, which may indicate bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract.

- You experience significant abdominal pain or cramping.

- There is a change in your bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation.

- You have accompanying symptoms like fever, weight loss, or fatigue.

- You notice a significant amount of blood or if the bleeding persists.


Diagnostic Approach
When you consult a healthcare professional, they will likely perform a thorough history and physical examination. They may recommend tests such as:
- Blood Tests: To check for anemia or signs of infection.

- Stool Tests: To identify infections or blood.

- Endoscopy: Procedures like a colonoscopy or upper endoscopy can help visualize the gastrointestinal tract and identify the source of bleeding.


Conclusion
While some causes of blood in stool are benign, others can be serious and require immediate attention. If you have documented the presence of blood in your stool, it is advisable to share this information with your healthcare provider. They can guide you through the necessary steps for diagnosis and treatment. Remember, early intervention can often lead to better outcomes, so do not hesitate to seek help if you are concerned about this symptom.