Mitral Valve Prolapse: Symptoms and Risks Explained - Internal Medicine

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Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) is a condition in which the two flaps of the mitral valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, do not close properly. Instead of sealing tightly, one or both of the flaps bulge (prolapse) back into the left atrium during the heart's contraction. This can lead to a variety of symptoms and potential complications, depending on the severity of the condition.


Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse
Many individuals with MVP may not experience any symptoms at all. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:
1. Palpitations: A sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeats, often described as a fluttering or racing feeling in the chest.

2. Chest Pain: This is usually not related to exertion and can be sharp or dull. It is important to differentiate this from angina, which is related to coronary artery disease.

3. Fatigue: Some patients report feeling unusually tired, especially after physical activity.

4. Shortness of Breath: This may occur during exertion or when lying flat.

5. Dizziness or Lightheadedness: Some individuals may experience fainting spells or a feeling of being lightheaded.

6. Anxiety: Many patients with MVP report feelings of anxiety or panic, which may be related to the palpitations.


Risks and Complications
While MVP is often benign, there are potential risks associated with the condition, particularly if it is severe. These include:
1. Mitral Regurgitation: This occurs when the prolapsed valve allows blood to leak backward into the left atrium. Over time, this can lead to volume overload of the heart and potentially heart failure.

2. Arrhythmias: Patients with MVP may be at increased risk for certain types of arrhythmias, which can lead to palpitations and, in some cases, more serious complications.

3. Infective Endocarditis: This is an infection of the heart valves that can occur in individuals with structural heart abnormalities, including MVP. It is essential for patients with MVP to maintain good dental hygiene and inform their healthcare providers about their condition before undergoing procedures that could introduce bacteria into the bloodstream.


Treatment and Management
Most individuals with MVP do not require treatment, especially if they are asymptomatic. However, for those who experience significant symptoms or complications, treatment options may include:
- Medications: Beta-blockers may be prescribed to help manage palpitations and anxiety. Diuretics may be used if there is significant mitral regurgitation leading to heart failure symptoms.

- Surgery: In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace the mitral valve.


Conclusion
In summary, Mitral Valve Prolapse is a common condition that can range from benign to serious. While many people live without symptoms, it is important to monitor for any changes and maintain regular check-ups with a healthcare provider. If left untreated, severe MVP can lead to complications such as mitral regurgitation and arrhythmias, which may require medical intervention. If you suspect you have MVP or are experiencing symptoms, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management.