Cryptorchidism: Risks, Surgery, and Sexual Function Impact - Urology

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Cryptorchidism, or undescended testicles, is a condition where one or both testicles fail to move down into the scrotum before birth. This condition is relatively common, affecting about 1-2% of full-term male infants and up to 30% of premature infants. While it is not typically life-threatening, it can lead to several complications if left untreated.

One of the primary concerns with cryptorchidism is the risk of infertility. The testicles are designed to function optimally at a temperature slightly lower than the body's core temperature, which is why they are located in the scrotum. When testicles remain in the abdomen or groin, they are exposed to higher temperatures, which can adversely affect sperm production and quality. Studies have shown that men with a history of cryptorchidism have a higher incidence of infertility compared to those with normally descended testicles.

Another significant risk associated with cryptorchidism is the increased likelihood of testicular cancer. Research indicates that men who have had undescended testicles are at a higher risk of developing testicular cancer later in life, even if surgical correction is performed. The risk is particularly pronounced if the condition is bilateral (affecting both testicles) or if surgery is delayed beyond the recommended age of 6 to 12 months.

Surgical intervention, known as orchidopexy, is typically recommended to correct cryptorchidism. This procedure involves moving the undescended testicle into the scrotum and securing it in place. The surgery is generally safe and effective, with a high success rate. Most children recover quickly, and the procedure is usually performed on an outpatient basis.
Regarding the impact on sexual function, most studies suggest that if the surgery is performed at an appropriate age, the long-term effects on sexual function and fertility are minimal. However, if the condition is not addressed early, there may be more significant implications for sexual health. Men with a history of cryptorchidism may experience issues such as reduced libido or erectile dysfunction, but these outcomes are often linked to psychological factors or other underlying health issues rather than the condition itself.

In conclusion, while cryptorchidism is not typically life-threatening, it does carry risks that can affect fertility and increase the likelihood of testicular cancer. Early surgical intervention is crucial to mitigate these risks and ensure optimal sexual function later in life. If you have been advised to undergo surgery, it is essential to follow your doctor's recommendations to minimize potential complications and improve your long-term health outcomes. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and to address any concerns you may have regarding your condition and treatment options.