Emergency Contraception: Risks and Effects Explained - Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Emergency contraception (EC) is a method used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure, such as a broken condom. Understanding how it works, its effectiveness, and potential side effects is crucial for anyone considering its use.


Effectiveness of Emergency Contraception
The effectiveness of emergency contraception depends on several factors, including the timing of administration relative to ovulation. The sooner EC is taken after unprotected intercourse, the more effective it is. Generally, EC can be taken up to 72 hours (3 days) after unprotected sex, but some types can be effective up to 120 hours (5 days). In your case, since your girlfriend's last menstrual period started on June 16 and you had unprotected intercourse on June 26, she was likely in her fertile window. This means that the risk of pregnancy could be significant, especially if ovulation occurred shortly after intercourse.


Types of Emergency Contraceptive Pills
The pills you described, which are round with one side white and the other pink, and small purple and white pills, likely refer to different formulations of emergency contraceptive pills. The most common types include:
1. Levonorgestrel (Plan B One-Step): This is a single-dose pill that is most effective when taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse. It works primarily by preventing or delaying ovulation.

2. Ulipristal Acetate (Ella): This is another form of EC that can be effective up to 120 hours after intercourse. It works by delaying ovulation and may also alter the endometrium to prevent implantation.


Mechanism of Action
Emergency contraceptive pills primarily work by preventing ovulation. If ovulation has already occurred, they may not be effective. They do not terminate an existing pregnancy and are not the same as abortion pills. The mechanism of action is crucial to understand, as it alleviates concerns about the potential for these medications to harm an already fertilized egg.


Side Effects
While emergency contraception is generally safe, it can cause side effects, including:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Breast tenderness
- Changes in menstrual bleeding (earlier or later than expected, heavier or lighter flow)
These side effects are usually mild and temporary. If your girlfriend experiences severe side effects or if her menstrual period is delayed by more than a week after taking EC, it is advisable for her to take a pregnancy test or consult a healthcare provider.


Conclusion
In summary, the risk of pregnancy after unprotected intercourse during the fertile window is significant, and using emergency contraception is a responsible choice. The medications you mentioned are designed to prevent pregnancy by delaying ovulation and are most effective when taken as soon as possible after the incident. While side effects can occur, they are generally mild and should resolve quickly. If there are any concerns about her health or the effectiveness of the medication, it is best to consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and follow-up care.