Genital Herpes: Risks, Transmission, and Treatment Options - Urology

Dr. Li Yilun reply Urology

---

Genital herpes is caused by a viral infection known as the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which is a DNA virus that can be categorized into two types: HSV-1 and HSV-2.
Generally, HSV-1 primarily infects the oral region, and most individuals may be infected from a young age.
Some people may develop small blisters at the corners of their mouths during periods of fatigue or stress, which typically heal on their own after a few days; this is indicative of HSV-1 infection.
On the other hand, HSV-2 primarily infects the genital area and is classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
During acute outbreaks, clusters of small blisters may appear in the genital region, which can rupture and form shallow ulcers that gradually heal.
Symptoms of genital herpes can vary widely; some individuals may be completely asymptomatic, while others may experience only a few blisters.
A minority may suffer from severe localized pain, difficulty urinating, swollen lymph nodes, or even fever.
After the initial infection, the virus remains dormant in the nerve ganglia and can reactivate when the individual's immune system is compromised, resembling the pattern of shingles (herpes zoster).
The inability to cure genital herpes does not typically lead to significant long-term consequences or severe harm, which often results in it being overlooked by many.
However, the two main characteristics of this virus contribute to its widespread transmission: First, the virus cannot be eradicated; it hides in the nerve ganglia and remains latent for long periods, causing psychological stress for many infected individuals, despite the symptoms being relatively mild and sporadic.
Second, the virus is highly contagious; it can be transmitted not only during active outbreaks but also when no symptoms are present, albeit at a lower infectious rate.
Many individuals mistakenly believe that the absence of symptoms means they are no longer contagious, which is not the case, as transmission can still occur through sexual contact.
Due to these characteristics, genital herpes has become the most prevalent STI in the United States.
The increasing number of infections, particularly among younger age groups, has led to significant public health concerns.
The decline in the age of infection has resulted in many pregnant women also contracting the virus.
Because the symptoms are often mild and may resolve on their own, many pregnant women may be unaware of their genital herpes infection.
If a newborn is exposed to the virus through the placenta (in rare cases) or during birth (in most cases), they can develop neonatal herpes.
The symptoms of neonatal herpes differ significantly from those in adults; due to the immature immune system of newborns, the herpes virus can cause systemic infections that invade the nervous system, leading to conditions similar to sepsis.
Long-term complications can include cerebral palsy, learning difficulties, and severe outcomes such as blindness.
Diagnosis is generally straightforward; if symptoms are present or if a sexual partner has symptoms, a serological test can be performed, with results typically available within a week.
Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms, and if outbreaks are frequent, antiviral medications may be used to prevent recurrences.
However, these medications do not completely eradicate the virus or prevent transmission to others.
The only effective prevention method for this disease is practicing safe sex, including the use of condoms.
If a pregnant woman is aware of her genital herpes infection, a cesarean section can reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to the newborn.
It is important to discuss the specifics of genital herpes transmission with an obstetrician-gynecologist.
Genital herpes is primarily transmitted through sexual contact or contact with genital secretions or mucous membranes.
While the virus is not present in the bloodstream, antibodies can be detected in serum tests to diagnose the infection.
Blood tests are generally not performed for herpes virus during blood transfusions, as there is no evidence linking herpes virus infection to cervical cancer in current medical literature.

---

Reply Date: 2008/08/14