Oral Ulcers: Causes, Symptoms, and When to Seek Help - Otolaryngology

More Info

---

Oral ulcers, also known as canker sores or aphthous ulcers, can be quite painful and distressing. They are small, shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues of the mouth or at the base of the gums. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and when to seek medical help is crucial for effective management.


Causes of Oral Ulcers
Oral ulcers can arise from various factors, including:
1. Trauma: Accidental biting of the cheek or tongue, aggressive brushing, or dental procedures can lead to ulcer formation.

2. Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients such as vitamin B12, folate, iron, and zinc can contribute to the development of ulcers.

3. Stress: Emotional or physical stress can weaken the immune system, making one more susceptible to ulcers.

4. Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormones, particularly in women, can trigger the occurrence of oral ulcers.

5. Underlying Health Conditions: Conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or autoimmune disorders can lead to recurrent ulcers.

6. Infections: Viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus, can cause painful sores in the mouth.


Symptoms of Oral Ulcers
The primary symptom of oral ulcers is pain, which can be exacerbated by eating, drinking, or even speaking. Other symptoms may include:
- A burning or tingling sensation before the ulcer appears.

- A round or oval sore with a white or yellow center and a red halo.

- Swelling and inflammation of the surrounding tissue.

- Difficulty swallowing or opening the mouth due to pain.


When to Seek Help
In your case, the presence of a 0.5 to 1 cm ulcer that has persisted for nearly two weeks, along with pain during swallowing and eating, warrants further evaluation. Here are some guidelines on when to seek medical attention:
1. Duration: If an ulcer lasts longer than two weeks without improvement, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional.

2. Size: While many oral ulcers are small, those larger than 1 cm, especially if they are not healing, should be evaluated.

3. Pain: Severe pain that interferes with daily activities, such as eating or speaking, is a reason to seek help.

4. Associated Symptoms: If you experience additional symptoms such as fever, difficulty swallowing, or swollen lymph nodes, it is essential to seek medical advice.

5. History of Oral Cancer: If you have a personal or family history of oral cancer, any persistent ulcer should be examined by a specialist.


Management and Treatment
For immediate relief, consider the following:
- Topical Treatments: Over-the-counter topical anesthetics or corticosteroids can help reduce pain and inflammation.

- Oral Rinses: Saltwater or baking soda rinses can promote healing and reduce discomfort.

- Pain Relief: Non-prescription pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help manage pain.

- Dietary Adjustments: Soft foods and avoiding spicy or acidic foods can minimize irritation.

If your symptoms persist or worsen, your dentist may recommend a biopsy to rule out more serious conditions, including oral cancer. It is essential to follow up with a healthcare provider, especially if you notice any unusual changes in your mouth or if the ulcer does not respond to standard treatments.

In summary, while many oral ulcers are benign and resolve on their own, persistent or painful ulcers should not be ignored. Early intervention can lead to better outcomes and peace of mind. Always prioritize your health and consult a professional when in doubt.