Sebaceous Cysts: Causes and Treatment Options - Surgery

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Sebaceous cysts, also known as epidermoid cysts or pilar cysts, are common benign growths that can occur on various parts of the body. They are typically filled with a thick, yellowish substance called keratin, which is a protein found in skin cells. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for sebaceous cysts can help individuals manage this condition effectively.


Causes of Sebaceous Cysts
Sebaceous cysts can develop for several reasons:
1. Blocked Sebaceous Glands: The most common cause of sebaceous cysts is the blockage of sebaceous glands, which are responsible for producing oil (sebum) that lubricates the skin. When these glands become obstructed, sebum can accumulate, leading to the formation of a cyst.

2. Skin Trauma: Injuries or trauma to the skin, such as cuts, surgical scars, or acne, can also lead to the development of sebaceous cysts. The skin may respond to trauma by forming a cyst as a protective mechanism.

3. Genetic Factors: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing sebaceous cysts. Conditions like steatocystoma multiplex, which is characterized by multiple sebaceous cysts, can run in families.

4. Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during puberty, can increase oil production in the skin, potentially leading to cyst formation.

5. Chronic Skin Conditions: Certain skin conditions, such as acne or hidradenitis suppurativa, can increase the likelihood of developing sebaceous cysts.


Symptoms of Sebaceous Cysts
Sebaceous cysts are usually painless and may not cause any symptoms. However, they can present with the following characteristics:
- A small, round lump beneath the skin, often with a central punctum (a small opening).

- The cyst may be movable and feel soft or firm to the touch.

- In some cases, the cyst can become inflamed or infected, leading to redness, swelling, and pain.


Treatment Options
While sebaceous cysts are generally harmless and do not require treatment, there are several options available for those who wish to remove them or if they become symptomatic:
1. Observation: If the cyst is not causing any discomfort or cosmetic concerns, it may be best to leave it alone. Many sebaceous cysts resolve on their own over time.

2. Incision and Drainage: If the cyst becomes inflamed or infected, a healthcare provider may perform an incision and drainage procedure to relieve symptoms. This involves making a small cut in the cyst to allow the contents to drain out.

3. Surgical Removal: For individuals who wish to have the cyst permanently removed, surgical excision is the most effective option. This procedure involves removing the entire cyst, including its wall, to prevent recurrence. It is typically performed under local anesthesia.

4. Injection of Steroids: In some cases, corticosteroid injections may be used to reduce inflammation and swelling associated with an infected cyst.


When to Seek Medical Attention
It is advisable to consult a healthcare provider if:
- The cyst becomes painful, red, or swollen, indicating possible infection.

- There is a change in the size or appearance of the cyst.

- You are concerned about the cyst's appearance or if it affects your quality of life.


Conclusion
Sebaceous cysts are common and usually benign growths that can occur due to various factors, including blocked sebaceous glands, skin trauma, and genetic predisposition. While they often do not require treatment, options are available for those who wish to remove them or if they become symptomatic. If you have concerns about a cyst or its treatment, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and management.