What is Schistosomiasis? Symptoms, Treatment, and Transmission Explained

Schistosomiasis, commonly known as blood fluke infection, is a disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. These worms are transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated freshwater, where the

Schistosomiasis, commonly known as blood fluke infection, is caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma.
The infection occurs when a person comes into contact with freshwater contaminated with the larvae of these parasites, which can penetrate the skin.
Treatment for schistosomiasis typically involves the use of the antiparasitic medication praziquantel, which is effective in killing the adult worms.
Schistosomiasis is

Han Liangbi, 30~39 year old female. Ask Date: 2002/05/17

Dr. Liu Jinyong reply Family Medicine

Schistosomiasis is a type of flatworm that parasitizes the venous blood vessels and related organs in humans and animals.
The human schistosomes (trematodes) primarily include three species: 1) Schistosoma japonicum, also known as Oriental schistosomiasis or Katayama disease, is most prevalent in Asia, particularly in Southeast Asian countries.
It primarily resides in the venous systems of the upper and lower mesenteric veins, as well as in organs such as the intestines, feces, liver, and brain.
2) Schistosoma mansoni, also known as intestinal schistosomiasis, is most commonly found in Africa, South America, and the Indian Islands.
It primarily inhabits the lower mesenteric veins, mesenteric lymph nodes, and occasionally the upper mesenteric veins and portal veins.
3) Schistosoma haematobium, also referred to as bladder or urinary schistosomiasis, is predominantly found in Africa, the Middle East, Southern Europe, and Western Asia.
It mainly resides in the bladder, reproductive organs, and pelvic venous plexus, with rare occurrences in the lower mesenteric vessels and portal veins.
After mating, the eggs of the male and female worms can be excreted in feces or urine into water, where they hatch into miracidia, enter freshwater snails, and develop into cercariae.
These cercariae then escape from the snail into the water, penetrate the skin, and cause infection, eventually maturing into adult worms at the parasitic site.
Hospitalization and medication treatment: CESOL (PRAZIQUANTEL) is administered based on body weight, at a dosage of 1 gm per 10 kg body weight, divided into six doses to be completed within two days.

Reply Date: 2002/05/17

More Info

Schistosomiasis, commonly known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. These parasites are typically found in freshwater bodies, such as lakes and rivers, in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is prevalent in parts of Africa, South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

Transmission
Schistosomiasis is transmitted when a person comes into contact with contaminated freshwater that contains the larval form of the parasite, known as cercariae. These larvae are released into the water by infected freshwater snails. When a person swims, bathes, or wades in contaminated water, the cercariae penetrate the skin and enter the bloodstream. Once inside the body, the larvae mature into adult worms, which can live for several years and reproduce, leading to further infection.

Symptoms
The symptoms of schistosomiasis can vary depending on the species of Schistosoma involved and the stage of the infection. Initially, after the cercariae penetrate the skin, individuals may experience a rash or itchy skin. This is often followed by a more systemic response, which may include:
- Acute Phase: Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches can occur within a few weeks of exposure. This phase is often referred to as "Katayama syndrome," which can present with more severe symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and spleen).

- Chronic Phase: If left untreated, schistosomiasis can lead to chronic complications. The adult worms can cause damage to various organs, particularly the liver, intestines, bladder, and lungs. Symptoms may include blood in the urine (hematuria), abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver fibrosis or portal hypertension.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis typically involves identifying the eggs of the parasite in stool or urine samples. Serological tests and imaging studies (like ultrasound) can also be used to assess the extent of organ involvement.

Treatment
The primary treatment for schistosomiasis is the antiparasitic medication praziquantel. This drug is effective against all species of Schistosoma and works by causing severe spasms in the worms, leading to their dislodgment from the blood vessels and subsequent death. Treatment is usually well-tolerated, and most patients experience significant improvement in symptoms after a single dose or a short course of treatment.

Prevention
Preventing schistosomiasis involves reducing exposure to contaminated water. This can be achieved by avoiding swimming or bathing in freshwater bodies in endemic areas. Health education and community awareness programs are crucial in areas where the disease is prevalent. Additionally, controlling the snail populations that harbor the larvae can help reduce transmission.

Conclusion
In summary, schistosomiasis is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical regions. Awareness of its transmission, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for prevention and management. If you suspect you have been exposed to contaminated water or are experiencing symptoms consistent with schistosomiasis, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

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