Comprehensive Guide to Ovarian Cysts: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment - Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on the ovaries and are quite common among women of reproductive age. They can vary in size, and while many are harmless and resolve on their own, some can lead to complications, especially if they grow large or cause significant symptoms. In your sister's case, a 7.5 cm cyst is considered relatively large and warrants careful monitoring.


Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
Many women with ovarian cysts may not experience any symptoms. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Pelvic pain: This can be a dull ache or sharp pain, often felt on one side of the lower abdomen.

- Menstrual irregularities: Some women may experience changes in their menstrual cycle, including delayed periods or heavier bleeding.

- Bloating or swelling: A feeling of fullness or pressure in the abdomen.

- Pain during intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity can occur.

- Urinary symptoms: Increased frequency of urination or difficulty emptying the bladder.


Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves a pelvic examination and imaging tests, such as:
- Ultrasound: This is the most common method for visualizing ovarian cysts. It can help determine the size, shape, and type of cyst (simple vs. complex).

- Blood tests: In some cases, doctors may order blood tests to check hormone levels or to rule out other conditions.


Types of Ovarian Cysts
1. Functional Cysts: These are the most common type and include follicular cysts (which occur during the menstrual cycle) and corpus luteum cysts (which form after ovulation).

2. Dermoid Cysts: These can contain various types of tissue, such as hair, skin, or teeth.

3. Endometriomas: These are associated with endometriosis and can cause significant pain.

4. Cystadenomas: These develop from ovarian tissue and can be filled with a watery or mucous substance.


Treatment Options
The treatment for ovarian cysts depends on several factors, including the size of the cyst, the symptoms, and whether it is benign or potentially malignant. Here are some common approaches:
1. Watchful Waiting: If the cyst is small and asymptomatic, doctors may recommend monitoring it over time with follow-up ultrasounds to see if it resolves on its own.

2. Medications: Hormonal contraceptives can help regulate the menstrual cycle and may prevent the formation of new cysts. However, they do not shrink existing cysts.

3. Surgery: If the cyst is large, causing significant symptoms, or if there is concern about cancer, surgical intervention may be necessary. This can involve:
- Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive procedure where small incisions are made, and the cyst is removed.

- Laparotomy: A more invasive procedure for larger cysts or when malignancy is suspected.


When to Seek Medical Attention
It is crucial to seek medical attention if your sister experiences:
- Sudden, severe abdominal pain
- Fever
- Vomiting
- Signs of shock (such as rapid breathing, weakness, or fainting)

Conclusion
In summary, while ovarian cysts are common and often benign, a 7.5 cm cyst requires careful monitoring and possibly intervention. It’s essential for your sister to maintain regular follow-ups with her healthcare provider to monitor the cyst's progress and address any symptoms that may arise. If surgery is recommended, it is typically a safe procedure with a good prognosis. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment options.