Emergency Contraception: Effects and Success Rates Explained - Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Emergency contraception (EC) is a critical option for individuals who may have had unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure. In your case, it seems you and your girlfriend engaged in sexual activity that raised concerns about potential pregnancy, especially since it occurred during her fertile window. Let's break down your questions regarding the use of emergency contraception, its effects, and what you can expect afterward.


Understanding Emergency Contraception
Emergency contraception is designed to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. The most common forms include hormonal pills, such as levonorgestrel (Plan B One-Step) and ulipristal acetate (ella). These medications work primarily by delaying ovulation, thereby preventing fertilization. They are most effective when taken as soon as possible after the incident, ideally within 72 hours for levonorgestrel and up to 120 hours for ulipristal acetate.


Symptoms After Taking Emergency Contraception
It is not uncommon to experience side effects after taking emergency contraception. The symptoms you described—dizziness, nausea, and abdominal cramps—are typical reactions to hormonal changes induced by the medication. These side effects can occur as your body adjusts to the sudden influx of hormones.
1. Dizziness and Nausea: These are common side effects of hormonal contraceptives. If they persist or worsen, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider.


2. Abdominal Pain: Cramping similar to menstrual cramps can occur as the body prepares for a potential menstrual cycle. This is usually a normal response.


Success Rates of Emergency Contraception
The effectiveness of emergency contraception varies based on several factors, including the timing of administration relative to ovulation. If taken within the recommended time frame, emergency contraception can reduce the risk of pregnancy by up to 89%. However, it is not 100% effective, and its success diminishes the longer you wait after unprotected intercourse.

Given that your girlfriend had her menstrual period on January 22 and you engaged in sexual activity in early February, the timing of ovulation is crucial. If she was indeed in her fertile window, the effectiveness of the emergency contraception would be a concern, but since she took it within four hours, you maximized the chances of preventing pregnancy.


Impact on Menstrual Cycle
Taking emergency contraception can affect the menstrual cycle. Some women may experience an earlier or later onset of their next period, and the flow may be lighter or heavier than usual. If your girlfriend’s period is delayed by more than a week after the expected date, it would be wise for her to take a pregnancy test to confirm whether or not she is pregnant.


Conclusion
In summary, the symptoms your girlfriend is experiencing after taking emergency contraception are generally normal and can be attributed to the hormonal changes caused by the medication. While emergency contraception is effective, it is not foolproof, and its success largely depends on timing. If her period is significantly delayed or if she has any concerns, it would be prudent for her to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation and guidance.
Emergency contraception is a valuable tool, but it should not be relied upon as a regular form of birth control. For ongoing contraceptive needs, discussing long-term options with a healthcare provider is advisable to ensure both partners feel secure and informed about their choices.