Foot Calluses: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options - Internal Medicine

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Hello! Thank you for your question regarding the hard lump on your foot, which sounds like it could be a callus or possibly a corn. Calluses are thickened areas of skin that develop in response to repeated friction, pressure, or irritation. They often form on the soles of the feet, particularly in areas that bear weight or experience friction from shoes.

Causes of Foot Calluses
1. Friction and Pressure: The most common cause of calluses is repeated friction or pressure on the skin. This can occur from wearing ill-fitting shoes, walking barefoot on hard surfaces, or engaging in activities that put stress on certain areas of the foot.

2. Foot Structure: Certain foot shapes, such as flat feet or high arches, can lead to uneven weight distribution, causing specific areas of the foot to experience more pressure and develop calluses.

3. Improper Footwear: Shoes that are too tight, too loose, or lack proper support can contribute to the formation of calluses. High heels or shoes with narrow toe boxes can exacerbate the problem.

4. Medical Conditions: Conditions such as diabetes, arthritis, or other disorders that affect circulation and nerve function can also lead to the development of calluses.


Symptoms of Calluses
- Thickened Skin: The most noticeable symptom is the thickened area of skin, which may feel rough or hard to the touch.

- Pain or Discomfort: While calluses are generally not painful, they can become sensitive or painful if they are subjected to excessive pressure or if they develop cracks.

- Color Changes: The skin may appear yellowish or grayish compared to the surrounding skin.


Treatment Options
1. Footwear Modifications: The first step in treating calluses is to assess your footwear. Ensure that your shoes fit properly and provide adequate support. Consider using cushioned insoles or orthotic devices to redistribute pressure on your feet.

2. Regular Exfoliation: Gently exfoliating the callused area with a pumice stone or foot file can help reduce the thickness of the skin. This should be done after soaking your feet in warm water to soften the skin.

3. Moisturizing: Applying a thick moisturizer or foot cream regularly can help keep the skin soft and prevent the callus from becoming too thick.

4. Over-the-Counter Treatments: There are various over-the-counter products available, such as salicylic acid pads, that can help dissolve the thickened skin. However, these should be used with caution, especially if you have sensitive skin or underlying health conditions.

5. Consulting a Specialist: If the callus is persistent, painful, or shows signs of infection (such as redness, swelling, or discharge), it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional. A podiatrist or dermatologist can provide a thorough examination and recommend appropriate treatments, which may include professional debridement or other interventions.


When to Seek Medical Attention
If the callus does not improve with home treatment, or if you experience significant pain, swelling, or changes in skin color, it is important to seek medical attention. A healthcare provider can help determine if there are underlying issues contributing to the formation of the callus and provide targeted treatment options.

In summary, while calluses are a common foot issue often related to friction and pressure, they can be managed effectively with proper footwear, regular care, and, if necessary, professional treatment. If you have any further concerns or if the condition worsens, please do not hesitate to reach out to a healthcare professional for personalized advice.