Can Fish Oil Lower Cholesterol? Its Benefits and Differences

Can fish oil lower blood lipids?

Hello: Since my parents have entered menopause, they need to make dietary adjustments.
However, they firmly believe that fish oil can cleanse the blood vessels, so they enjoy consuming the fat from the belly of the mackerel.
Is this belief correct? Also, what is the difference between cod liver oil and fish oil? Thank you.

Xiao Xin, 20~29 year old female. Ask Date: 2004/06/21

Dr. Shi Guimei reply Nutrition

Hello! Fish oil generally refers to omega-3 fatty acids, which are abundant in the eye sockets, flesh, and fatty tissues of marine fish, while freshwater fish contain lower amounts.
Omega-3 fatty acids can be further divided into docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), both of which have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, cognitive function, and vision.
The medical community has confirmed that omega-3 fatty acids are effective in lowering blood lipids, cholesterol, and blood pressure.
Additionally, their efficacy in preventing stroke and heart disease has also been recognized by the medical field.
Currently, there are products of this kind that have passed health food certification by the Department of Health, and you can check the Food Information Network of the Food and Drug Administration, but they must be taken as directed.

Regarding the side effects of excessive intake, since fish oil has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, patients undergoing surgery may face the risk of excessive bleeding.
Domestic scholars have studied the oil from the belly of milkfish, which indeed has cholesterol-lowering effects.
However, it is important to note that this oil still contributes calories, so it should be consumed in moderation, and cooking oils should be reduced to avoid excessive intake of fats and calories.
Cod liver oil is extracted from fish, primarily from the liver, and is rich in vitamins A and D.
Vitamin A is crucial for vision health, but excessive intake can lead to toxicity, so it should not be consumed in large amounts.
If one wishes to supplement vitamin A, it is safer to use its precursor, beta-carotene, which converts to an appropriate amount of vitamin A in the body without causing toxicity.
Therefore, regardless of the amount of beta-carotene consumed, it will not harm the body except for causing skin yellowing.
For children's vision health, it is safer to consume foods rich in beta-carotene, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, and cantaloupes.
As for the vitamin D in cod liver oil, it can also be synthesized by the skin through appropriate sun exposure.
Therefore, in sunny Taiwan, with adequate outdoor activity, vitamin D deficiency is unlikely.

Sincerely,
Dietitian Shih Kuei-Mei, Director of the Nutrition Department, Taoyuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare.

Reply Date: 2004/06/21

More Info

Fish oil has garnered significant attention for its potential health benefits, particularly concerning heart health and cholesterol levels. The primary components of fish oil are omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and their ability to positively influence lipid profiles in the body.

Can Fish Oil Lower Cholesterol?
The relationship between fish oil and cholesterol is nuanced. Research indicates that fish oil can lower triglyceride levels, which are a type of fat found in the blood. Elevated triglycerides are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of fish oil on cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good" cholesterol), can vary.

1. LDL Cholesterol: Some studies suggest that fish oil may lead to a modest increase in LDL cholesterol levels. This is somewhat counterintuitive since LDL is often associated with an increased risk of heart disease. However, it's essential to consider that not all LDL particles are harmful; the size and density of LDL particles can influence their impact on health. Larger, less dense LDL particles may be less harmful than smaller, denser ones.

2. HDL Cholesterol: Fish oil has been shown to increase HDL cholesterol levels in some individuals. Higher levels of HDL cholesterol are generally considered protective against heart disease, as HDL helps transport cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization.

3. Triglycerides: The most consistent finding across studies is that fish oil effectively lowers triglyceride levels. This reduction is beneficial, as high triglyceride levels are linked to an increased risk of heart disease.

Fish Oil vs. Cod Liver Oil
It's also important to differentiate between fish oil and cod liver oil. While both are derived from fish, they have different nutritional profiles:
- Fish Oil: Primarily contains omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and is often used as a supplement to support heart health and reduce inflammation. It does not contain significant amounts of vitamins A and D.

- Cod Liver Oil: In addition to omega-3 fatty acids, cod liver oil is rich in vitamins A and D. While these vitamins are beneficial, excessive intake can lead to toxicity, particularly with vitamin A. Therefore, cod liver oil should be consumed with caution, especially in high doses.

Dietary Considerations for Older Adults
For older adults, particularly those entering menopause, dietary adjustments are crucial. While fish oil can be beneficial, it should be part of a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrients. It's also essential to consider the overall caloric intake and the types of fats consumed. While omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial, excessive intake of any oil can lead to increased caloric consumption and potential weight gain.

Conclusion
In summary, fish oil can be a valuable addition to the diet, particularly for its ability to lower triglycerides and potentially increase HDL cholesterol. However, its effects on LDL cholesterol can vary, and it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with specific health conditions. It's advisable for individuals, particularly older adults, to consult with healthcare providers before starting any new supplement regimen. This ensures that their dietary choices align with their overall health goals and medical conditions.

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